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This industry-specific guide provides links and references to documents, organizations, research themes and other key resources about the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries available to the Carnegie Mellon community.

The resources are arranged under the following headings:

Industry News

Company Directories and Industry Background

Professional and Trade Associations

Online Databases

Regulatory Environment

Patents and Trademarks

Technical Intelligence

Consultants

Careers and Networking


Industry News

Many of the sites below provide access to fulltext articles is on a fee basis, but citations found there are often available fulltext through Carnegie Mellon University Libraries online databases. Go to our alphabetical electronic journals list to see which titles are available, and link to fulltext directly.

• Advanstar Communications publishes trade journals that contain industry news, such as BioPharm International, Pharmaceutical Executive and Pharmaceutical Technology. Each journals' home pages contain current issue news for free. Use the electronic journals list to get to earlier articles in the library's subscription databases.

• Bio.com has research news, events, products, stock quotes, market research reports, company profiles, and industry news and analysis. Also contains a Career Center with job postings.
  
• Bioportfolio.com (http://www.bioportfolio.com), is a global directory of 25,000 biotechnology, pharmaceutical and healthcare companies worldwide. The mega site also offers related headline news from Reuters, PR Newswire and Businesswire.

• BioWorld Online (http://www.bioworld.com), contains daily biotech news and updates.

• BioSpace, Inc. (http://www.biospace.com), offers free and subscription-based life sciences resources. Visitors can find useful company information as well as clinical competitive intelligence, development searches, industry news, IPO’s, stock quotes, clinical trials by company and target, breaking news, investor news, job postings, and much more.

• DrugTopics.com (http://www.drugtopics.com), is the companion site to Drug Topics, the leading magazine for pharmacists. The site is updated weekly with pharmaceutical industry news. It also offers CE lessons, interactive features, and much more.

• FDCReports.com (http://www.fdcreports.com), founded in 1939, is another subscription-based source for daily news, reports and analysis, policy and research, prescriptions, quality control information pertaining to the pharmaceutical, biomedical and healthcare industries.
  

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Company Directories and Industry Background

The following databases will be most helpful for finding general information and researching companies and industries. The broadest industry overviews are in the S&P Industry Surveys, Hoovers' snapshots and Industry Studies. Other listed resources have more specific uses, depending on the topic being researched. Each of the online resources named below are available to Carnegie Mellon University users only, unless otherwise noted.

• BioTechnology Directory is an international directory with profiles of biotechnology companies and research organizations.
  Engr & Sci Library Ref 660.6 B61623
  
  
• CAROL Ltd. (http://www.carol.co.uk), is a free online service providing company annual reports and other investor information, with emphasis on Europe and the U.S.
  
  
• CorporateInformation (http://www.corporateinformation.com), is the portal that carries company overviews from Wright Investors Service, which is especially good with international companies. The website also has a powerful search engine which indexes 350,000 company profiles, and is freely available on the web.
  
  
• CorpTech Directory of Technology Companies is the premiere directory for identifying high tech manufacturing companies, covering more than 40,000 public and private companies operating in the U.S. (including foreign-owned subsidiaries). The interface allows searching by industry, product, technology, geography, company size or company name.
  Hunt Library Ref - Multimedia CD-ROM area
  
  
• Datamonitor Industry Market Research is included in the Industry Section of Business & Company Resource Center database. Choose the link to pharma-related industries or the main search, http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BCRC?locID=cmu_main. The research reports have good overviews, particularly for international markets, but freqently are less up to date than the S&P Industry Surveys also listed here.
  
  
• Dun & Bradstreet / Gale Group Industry Handbook, Volume 2 (Pharmaceuticals) – Contains industry reviews, statistics, a company directory, company rankings, mergers and acquisitions, associations, consultants, and information sources.
  Hunt Library Ref-1 338.0973 D897
  
  
• Dun & Bradstreet’s Million Dollar Database (http://www.selectory.com/Selectory/SearchPages/LibrarySearch.aspx), provides information on approximately 1,600,000 U.S. and Canadian leading public and private businesses. Research and locate SIC, company size (employees and annual sales), type of ownership, principal executives, biographies, and much etc.

• EDGAR (http://www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml), the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's database of business, financial and competitive information disclosed in SEC filings throughout the year by over 15,000 U.S. public companies and foreign companies trading on U.S. stock exchanges. Freely available on the web.
  
  

• Encyclopedia of Bioethics (5 Volumes)
  Hunt Ref 174.2 E56a3
  This third edition (2004) of a comprehensive work on that introduces the issues of ethics as they related to all aspects of life sciences and health care. Although it is not specifically geared to business researchers, there are many entries that related to medical economics, business ethics in healthcare, and a range of topics that have an impact on business or in the workplace, such as drug testing, medical records issues and issues faced by the bio-pharma industry.
  
  

• Fuld & Company, Inc. (http://www.fuld.com), was founded in 1979, and is a pioneer in the field of competitive intelligence (CI). The website, freely available on the web, contains an abundance of intelligence-related information, surveys, CI software reports, white papers, training tools, reference materials and more. Specifically, the I3 Internet Intelligence Index contains a compilation of over 600 websites on topics ranging from 'macro-economic data to individual patent and stock quotes and industry specific resources.
  
  

• Hoovers Online Biotechnology Industry Snapshot (http://www.hoovers.com/industry/snapshot/0,2204,9,00.html ), includes companies engaged in drug discovery, biologically engineered food production, and research. Hoovers Online lists companies, gives lowdown on the industry, useful websites and information on pertinent associations.

• Hoovers Online Pharmaceutical Industry Snapshot (http://www.hoovers.com/industry/snapshot/0,2204,32,00.html).
  
  
• hum-molgen (http://www.hum-molgen.de), is one of the world's largest Internet sources for the latest information in HUMan MOLecular GENetics. The portal is freely available on the web and also contains information on 1,788 bio-medical companies.
  
  
• Industry Studies, 2nd ed. See "Pharmaceuticals: The Critical Role of Innovation," by Larry L. Duetsch, pp. 101-123.
  Hunt Library 338.0973 I422a2 and online http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=1602
  This profile of the industry contains data that describe the context, concentration and development of the industry over the last 30 years.
  
  
• Leadership Directories, Inc. (http://ldi.dvdep.com) - This extensive database of 400,000 individuals at 40,000 leading U.S. government, business, professional, and nonprofit organizations includes pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. It is searchable by industry, geography, job title, and more, and identifies key people within an organization.

• Medical and HealthCare Marketplace Guide, a comprehensive two volume reference work that contains information on more than 19,500 biomedical industry’s top companies, its executives, in addition to, extensive market surveys, research reports, articles on various aspects of the worldwide medical and healthcare industry. Includes 600 articles (with statistics) covering all facets of the industry; mergers and acquisitions; other company changes and extensive company information. 1999 edition available online in Business & Industry; 2003 edition available in print in Hunt, Ref 338.7613621 M489.

• Pharma Browser (http://www.pharmabrowser.com), is a flat-rate subscription service providing extensive competitive intelligence information on thousands of leading companies in the pharmaceutical industry.
  
  
• Physician’s Desk Reference
  Hunt Library 615.1 P57

• Plunkett's Biotech & Genetics Industry Almanac, a reference guide to the business side of biotech, genetics, proteonics and related services. This easy-to-understand book contains in-depth chapters on trends in biotech, genetics, technology, finances and careers.
  Hunt Ref 338.7613621 P737

• Standard & Poor's Industry Surveys, (http://www.netadvantage.standardandpoors.com). The "Biotechnology" and "Healthcare: Pharmaceuticals" surveys are an essential starting place for anyone interested in learning about the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. The survey contains comprehensive reports and is updated bi-annually.
  Also available at Hunt Reference Desk 338.7 S78
  
  
• Washington Researchers, Ltd. (http://www.washingtonresearchers.com), an established Competitive Intelligence research site freely available on the web that includes tips, tools and industry analysis.
  

  For more industry background and information, see Company and Industry Information.
  
  

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Professional and Trade Associations


Professional and trade associations serve as useful sources of information and contact for the industry.
• American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (http://www.aaps.org), is a professional, scientific society founded in 1986 with more than 10,000 members worldwide in academia, industry, government and other research institutes. Its web portal is an excellent information resource for pharmaceutical research and development.
  
  
• American Pharmaceutical Association (http://aphanet.org), is the largest professional association of pharmacists in the United States, established in 1852 with more than 50,000 members.

• Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (http://www.abpi.org.uk), is the trade association for about a hundred companies in the UK and supplies news and research papers from the pharmaceutical industry. Its member companies research, develop, manufacture and supply more than 90 per cent of the medicines prescribed through the National Health Service (NHS).
  
  
• Canadian Pharmacists Association (http://www.pharmacists.ca), is the national organization of pharmacists committed to providing leadership for the profession of pharmacy in Canada. CPhA is your link to a comprehensive source of drug information, pharmacy practice support material, patient information and news about the world of pharmacists.
  

• Drug Information Association (http://www.diahome.org), is the premier member-driven organization encompassing the full continuum of disciplines in the pharmaceutical and related industries. The association’s 27,000 members worldwide are primarily from the regulatory agencies, academia, contract service organizations, pharmaceutical, biological and device industry, and from other health care organizations.
  
  
• Encyclopedia of Associations, published by the Gale Group, is a comprehensive source for detailed information on non-profit membership organizations of national and multinational scope. Available at Hunt Library Reference Desk O61 E561
  
  
• Healthcare Distribution Management Association (http://www.healthcaredistribution.org), is the trade association that has been representing the pharmaceutical and related healthcare product distributors throughout the Americas since 1876.
  
  
• Medicines Australia (http://www.medicinesaustralia.com.au), is a non-profit national association representing the prescription medicines industry in Australia. Its member companies are engaged in the research, development, manufacture, marketing and export of prescription pharmaceuticals, and the ongoing improvement of medical and scientific knowledge about its products.
  
  
• National Association for Biomedical Research (http://www.nabr.org), founded in 1979, is the only national, nonprofit organization dedicated solely to advocating sound public policy that recognizes the vital role of humane animal use in biomedical research, higher education and product safety testing.
  
  
• Pharmaceutical Society of Australia (http://www.psa.org.au), is the national professional organization for pharmacists in Australia established in 1977 to effectively regulate its affairs, to achieve better coordination in consultation and liaison with the Commonwealth Government.
  
  
• Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (http://www.rpsgb.org), founded in 1871, to unite the pharmaceutical profession, its member interests and to advance scientific knowledge.
  
  
• Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals (http://www.scip.org), a global non-profit organization involved in creating and managing business knowledge and help companies achieve and maintain a competitive advantage.
  
  
• Special Libraries Association (SLA) Divisions:
• Pharmaceutical and Health Technology, focuses on all aspects of information issues pertaining to the pharmaceutical, biomedical, biotechnical, cosmetic, medical device, and other related industries.

• Biomedical and Life Sciences, a division for individuals interested in all aspects of the life sciences, including: biology and biochemistry, zoology and botany, microbiology, genetics, biotechnology, evolution, ecology, veterinary and human medicine, and health sciences.

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Online Databases

Available to Carnegie Mellon University users only.

• ABI/INFORM in ProQuest Direct, is the widest-ranging database. Much of the information in it is fulltext and international in coverage. It has the most flexible and easy-to-use interface, and covers the major business news weekly magazines, trade journals from a variety of industries and academic journals in a range of business and economics disciplines. ProQuest Direct also contains two other business databases: the fulltext of the Wall Street Journal and Business Dateline, a database that focuses on articles written in local and regional business news and magazines published in North America - a great place to search for the local, in-depth reporting on a company, and particularly useful for uncovering what competitors are doing, if they get profiled in their local press.

• BasisBIOSIS, provides abstracts of international periodical literature relating to biological and medical research from over 300 crucial life sciences and news publications. Nearly 450,000 total records updated monthly.

• BioDigeest, is a life science database targeting students and non-scientists interested in botany, life and environmental sciences, medicine, health and zoology. The database updated nine times a year covers over 300 periodical titles and contains 34,000 records from 1989 to present.

• Business and Industry, has detailed abstracts and some fulltext articles from trade journals and other news and industry sources that provide background on trends in an industry, especially niche or developing industries.

• Business & Management Practices (BaMP) in FirstSearch is devoted to applied management and indexes more than 1000 journals (870 full text) that focus on business strategy and planning. Articles come from both academic and trade journal sources include research, case studies and industry news, as well as reports on practical applications, best practices and quality-related topics. The coverage is international, but the resources also include U.S. regional business news. A wide range of industries and technology areas are covered. BaMP covered several pharma trade journals, and although many are no longer full text in this database, the abstracts frequently contain usable information. Selected titles covered include PharmaBusiness, Pharmaceutical Technology, BioPharm, and Biomedical Market Newsletter. Fulltext of Pharmaceutical Executive is available. For any article, click the SFX button to see if the full text is available elsewhere or to make an Interlibrary Loan request for the item.
  
  

• Chemical Abstracts via SciFinder Scholar, is a database covering over 8,000 international journals, worldwide patents, conference proceedings and dissertations from all areas of chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering and related sciences from 1907 to the present.

• General BusinessFile ASAP in InfoTRAC, is a competitor database to ABI/Inform. There is some overlap in the two databases, but enough divergence in coverage to warrant checking both places. A special section of GBF called Investext contains the fulltext of a limited number of investment analyst reports.
  
  
• LexisNexis Statistical, contains a broad range of data produced by federal and state governments, private sources (e.g., trade associations) and international and intergovernmental sources. Citations to data found in LexisNexis Statistical frequently point to publications that are available on microfiche in the library or online.

• MEDLINE, is the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) premier bibliographic database references and abstracts all areas of medicine, including dentistry, nursing, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, allied health, and pre-clinical sciences from 4,500 biomedical journals. Provides access to over 12 million citations back to the mid-1960's and additional life science journals.

• Web of Science, indexes the literature of sciences and social sciences, as well as the arts & humanities. It is based on the citation indexes which collectively index more than 8,400 high quality, peer-review journals cover-to-cover, providing users with complete bibliographic data, full-length author abstracts, and cited references from the world's most influential academic journals.

The following are subscription databases from Dialog available to users for a fee. Please inquire with a reference librarian as to online cost and availability.

• Derwent Biotechnology Resource, contains cutting-edge scientific and technological information specifically focuses on all aspects of pharmaceutical and biotechnology, from initial research in areas such as genomics and proteomics, to specific end products such as therapeutics and diagnostics. The resource covers all relevant patents from 40 major patent issuing authorities and articles from 1,200 journals plus conferences worldwide.

• Derwent Drug File, is the definitive source of drug journal and conference information on all aspects of drug development, synthesis, evaluation, manufacture and use. Provides indexing and abstracting of over 1.5 million records of biological and chemical information dating back to 1964.

• Drug Information Fulltext, is produced by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Its print counterparts are the American Hospital Formulary Service and The Handbook on Injectable Drugs. The database may be searched fulltext for information on the stability, chemistry, and pharmaco-kinetics of drugs, as well as on their action, usage, dosage, and administration. It is updated annually.

• International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, draws material from over 850 primary journals from throughout the world and from all U.S. state pharmacy journals. The database provides indexing and abstracting of the world’s pharmaceutical literature covering all phases of the development and use of drugs and on professional pharmaceutical practice from 1970 to date. It is updated monthly.

The following are Internet databases that are available for free.

• Life Sciences Competitive Intelligence Database, produced by the National Research Council Canada under the Industrial Research Assistance Program, provides access to a searchable, online databases to competitive intelligence information on companies, clinical trial status, market research studies, patents and trademarks, and much more. Available at http://www.nrc.ca/irap/lifesciences.

• PubMed, developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the National Library of Medicine, offers free access to over 12 million fulltext MEDLINE citations back to the mid-1960's and additional life science journals. 'Entrez' integrates access to biomedical literature and a collection of molecular biology databases, including Nucleotide, and Protein Sequences, Protein Structures, Complete Genomes, Taxonomy, OMIM and many others. The website also has links to TOXNET, a group of databases on toxicology and hazardous chemicals, and ClinicalTrials.gov for information on the safe and effective use of new drugs and treatments.

• RxList: The Internet Drug Index (http://www.rxlist.com), maintained by Dr. Neil Sandow, Pharm.D., provides background information on prescription drugs for the consumer and health professional. Advanced searching is provided by keywords, imprint codes, NDC, and medical terminology. The ‘Top 200’ drugs are ranked by number of prescriptions filled.

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Regulatory Environment

• Department of Health (http://www.doh.gov.uk), is the U.K. government website dealing with health and well-being related issues of people in Britain. The site contains a number of links to related departments and agencies and contains a recruitment section for interesting job vacancies with field placement and internship opportunities for students.

• Food and Drug Administration (http://www.fda.gov), is the official U.S. government agency responsible primarily to protect public health and to ensure the safety and effectiveness of food ingredients and drugs supply, and is the regulatory body for radiation-emitting products, medical devices, and more. The website is extensive, and updated frequently. The "Jobs@FDA" section has career-related information, with a special section for students. The "Hot Topics" section contains the latest news and announcements, press releases, safety alerts and new product approvals, consumer information, etc. relevant to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.

• Food and Drug Law Institute (FDLI) (http://www.fdli.org), is a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing public health by providing a neutral forum for critical examinations of the laws, regulations, and policies related to drugs, medical devices, other healthcare technologies, and food.

• Health Canada (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca), is the federal government website responsible for all issues relating to health, disease control and protection in Canada. The website includes the Drug Product Database, which contains detailed information about drugs currently approved for use in Canada.
  
  

• The Environment Protection Agency (http://www.epa.gov), provides leadership in the nation's environmental science, research, education and assessment efforts and working towards a cleaner, healthier environment.
  
  

• World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/en).

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Patents and Trademarks

• Canadian Patents Database (http://Patents1.ic.gc.ca/intro-e.html), provides access to 75 years (1,400,000 documents) of patent descriptions and images.

• DNAPatent.com (http://dnapatent.com), a portal that contains "Patent law for non-lawyers" and "Genetic Engineering for non-scientists" areas.

• U.K. Patent Office (http://www.patent.gov.uk), offers searches of U.K. patents, patents from other European countries and Japanese patents.

• U.S. Patent & Trademark Office (http://www.uspto.gov), the most authoritative source for searching U.S. patent databases back to 1976 (fulltext) and 1790 (full-page images), as well as information on the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European & Japanese patents and applications.

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Technical Intelligence

• Acurian, Ltd. (http://www.acurian.com), founded in 1998, provides information on clinical trials, new therapies, extensive drug information and provides exclusive news and commentaries from leading medical and research resources. Some of the site's services are restricted to members (free, upon signing up), like the investigator database that includes professional credentials, clinical trial experience, performance metrics, location, disease specialties and patient demographics, in addition to numerous other data points.
  
• Congressional Universe has a tremendous amount of information and access to fulltext of congressional documents, laws and regulations -- of special interest are the Federal Register (coverage 1980-present), an official daily publication that informs changes and proposed changes in federal regulations, and the Code of Federal Regulations (coverage 1988-present).

• ClinicalTrials.gov (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov), provides patients, family members, health care professionals, and members of the public easy access to information on clinical trials for a wide range of diseases and conditions.

• DrugInfoNet (http://druginfonet.com), is a one-stop Internet resource for healthcare and pharmaceutical related information. This free service to dedicated to improving consumer education, and links to a number of healthcare-related sites. It also contains pharmaceutical manufacturer's information, links to hospital websites, healthcare news, and more.

• HealthCentral (http://www.healthcentral.com), contains in-depth drug and medical information; access to information on health, medical and fitness products, and drugstore items; and provides personalized interactive tools and risk assessments. This site also has a easy-to-use set of links to articles, news and basic disease information within specific condition centers, message boards, and individually organized encyclopedias for areas such as surgery, poisons and symptoms.

• HealthWeb (http://healthweb.org), is a collaborative project supported by the National Library of Medicine. Its non-commercial interface links easily to internet resources on health conditions that were hand-selected by health professionals and librarians as accurate and useful.

• LexisNexis Academic , provides full text access to a variety of legal, business, medical and general information. The legal research section contains materials including law review articles, federal regulations, Canadian and European Union legislation, patents and career information. The Medical and Health News section contains fulltext of several prominent newsletters, and the Medical and Health Journals section contains fulltext of a limited number of health journals.
  
  
• RegSource.com (http://www.regsource.com), is a free website with excellent resources for global regulatory affairs, FDA and other product development information.

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Consultants

• Biologics Consulting Group, L.L.C. (http://www.biologicsconsulting.com), offers regulatory guidance, product development, testing, statistics, and clinical trial design advice to manufacturers. The areas of their staff expertise include, Vaccines, Bacterial and Viral Products, Gene and Cell Therapies, Monoclonal Antibodies, Imunoglobulins and Therapeutic proteins. They also provide expertise in the regulatory requirements in Australia and New Zealand for therapeutic products. The firm has a regulatory library with plenty of useful documents and forms, links to a number of useful web sites and offer local training courses. The group's newsletter is free and provides information on hot topics workshops, highlights from their local and European offices, and more.

• Consultants and Consulting Organizations Directory, provides access to over 22,000 consulting firms and independent consultants throughout the United States and Canada that provide consultation for business, industry and government. Available at Hunt Ref-1 658.46 C75

• Community of Science Expertise Database contains detailed profiles of more than 480,000 R&D professionals and scholars worldwide. The profiles include contact information (including email address), curriculum vitae, publications, patents, funding received, current research activities and expertise. In addition, links to a personal home page, and patent and publication abstracts information are included. Available to Carnegie Mellon University users only.

• Dun's Consultant's Directory, provides a listing of consultants by area of expertise and location. This directory is updated annually. Available at Hunt Ref-1 658.46 D926 and online as part of the Million Dollar Database.

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Careers and Networking

• Alpert, Gary and Pollock, Steve. Careers in Biotech and Pharmaceuticals: The Wetfeet.com Insider Guide, Wet Feet Press.
  Hunt Ref on order
  

• Brown, Sheldon S. and Rowh. Mark. Opportunities in Biotechnology Careers, Rev Ed. NY: McGraw-Hill.
  Hunt Ref on order
  

• Center Watch (http://www.centerwatch.com), has a JobWatch section that provides extensive listings of career and educational opportunities in the clinical trials industry in the U.S., Canada and International markets. There is also a resume database for job seekers and employers.

• Contract Pharma (http://www.contractpharma.com), provides pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industry professionals a mix of industry news, technical features and offers some of the hottest jobs in the industry both in print and online. The website also includes a special issue on annual salary survey and employment attitudes of the industry.

• Friary, Richard. Jobs in the Drug Industry: A Career Guide for Chemists. San Diego: Academic Press.
  Mellon Institute Stacks-3 QD39.5 .F75X
  
  

• hireBio (http://www.hirebio.com), is an e-cruiting and training company for careers in biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Resume posting is free.

• Kocher, Eric. International jobs: where they are, how to get them. Reading, MA: Perseus Books.
  Hunt Ref 331.702 K65i5

• JobScience.com (http://www.jobscience.com), provides biotechnology, pharmaceutical and healthcare professionals a specialized employment forum by identifying open positions among America's premier health providers and research companies.
  
  
• Leadership Directories, Inc. (http://ldi.dvdep.com) - This database names executives and their positions in corporate, non-profit and government organizations, and includes their direct contact information. It is searchable by industry, geography, job title, alumni affiliation and other criteria. (Carnegie Mellon users only)

• Medzilla.com (http://www.medzilla.com), is an extensive career service website for employers and job-seeking professionals in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. The site also includes salary surveys.

• Riley-Dikel, Margaret. The guide to Internet job searching. Lincolnwood, IL: VGM Career Horizons.
  Hunt Ref 025.0665014 R57g
  
  
• Smith, Rebecca. Electronic resumes & online networking: how to use the Internet to do a better job search, including a complete, up-to-date resource guide. Franklin Lakes, NJ: Career Press.
  Hunt Ref 025.0665014 S65E
  
  

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Research Assistant: This guide originally developed for Carnegie Mellon University Libraries as part of a field placement by Radhakrishnan Subramaniam, Master of Library and Information Science, University of Pittsburgh, fall 2002.